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Melon and Fiber Active Nutrient
Addition of vitamins and nutritional melon, recently a group of French researchers have added to the list of benefits rather than a property interest to people wishing to lose weight, or at least not to continue getting fatter. Melon is not alone, but rather a melon extract marketed under the name of Extramel, which has been shown to have preventive properties of obesity in an experiment with hamsters conducted by Jean-Max Rouanet University of Montpellier.
Rouanet hamsters experimented with dividing them into two groups, giving one of them Extramel and a high-fat diet to test the effects of melon extract on obese animals. After Extramel regular consumption of animals was found that the decreased weight, abdominal fat, triglycerides, liver and fat insulimnemia due to nutritional melon extract. The research is interesting, and shows that regular consumption of cantaloupe is a great strategy to maintain weight without hoarding. This knowledge can go a bit more knowledge of the properties of melon fruit to know more closely and thus verify its slimming.
Human Development Index and Aids Risk
HIV and AIDS can cause the Human Development Index (HDI) fell and an impact on the economy and poverty. For that, he argues the need for coordination in this issue handled jointly. “Coordinating a keyword that is very important for the prevention of HIV / AIDS, not only at the planning level, but also budgeting, implementation and administration of cases, both at central and local levels,” In addition to coordination problems, other problems in the HIV / AIDS is a matter of funding. Until now, funding is still depending on foreign aid, about 70% of prevention funds from overseas, and it has bad effects. “We put ourselves in a position of high dependence on donors. We know that this aid can be stopped at any time due to various reasons, Therefore, it is time for Indonesia to begin reducing dependence by increasing funds from domestic sources, including increasing the role of community and business world.
Aids and General Population
The development of HIV and AIDS epidemic in Indonesia is very worrying. If the year 2004, AIDS cases are found in 16 provinces, then in year 2007 has been discovered in 32 provinces. Thus, AIDS has occurred in almost all of Indonesia. This was conveyed by State Minister for National Development Planning Suzetta in a speech opening the National Workshop on Planning and Budgeting for HIV / AIDS at the office of Bappenas, Jakarta, Wednesday, (12 / 3). “Even in Papua, the prevalence of AIDS is very high and have occurred in the general population. The prevalence of this concern will continue to increase because of HIV cases continues to increase. Even when around 6000 cases of HIV, but it is expected that vulnerable populations as many as 193 000 people infected with HIV.
AIDS cases, Pasuruan Third Largest
This concern for residents of Pasuruan regency. Based on data released by the East Java Provincial Health Office, District of Pasuruan ranked third in the number of AIDS cases findings. AIDS cases in Pasuruan regency is mentioned as much as 204 cases. Lower than the city of Surabaya and Sidoarjo as many as 465 cases 242 cases. However, higher than the City and County of Malang which ranks fourth and fifth. This data was obtained Musa Nova Kurniawan, chairman of the Muhammadiyah Youth Pasuruan when he joined the workshop on the Islamic approach to HIV / AIDS. Workshop held at the Hotel Ketapang Beautiful, Banyuwangi, for three days, starting Friday 14 until Sunday, November 16 yesterday. Participants consist of 80 persons from Muhammadiyah, NU, MUI, KPA (National AIDS Commission). Meanwhile, the region that were invited came from Banyuwangi Regency, Pasuruan, Malang and Kediri. I myself got surprised, after release from a doctor Surabaya, Pasuruan stating it ranked third in the number of AIDS cases in East Java. I think this, not just the responsibility of the medical side, but also non-medical, from community leaders, clergy and youth element, Nova Musa said when met in East Java, after attending a workshop yesterday.
Risk of Contracting the HIV Virus
A survey conducted in Tanjung Balai Karimun, showed the increasing number of commercial sex workers (CSW) who are infected with HIV, namely from 1% in 1995/1996 to more than 8.38% in 2000. Meanwhile a survey conducted in 2000 showed that HIV infection rates are high enough in the environment in Merauke PSK is 26.5%. UNAIDS data show, in Indonesia for more than 90% of male clients of sex workers do not use condoms when having sex. This is one reason why women who are faithful to one partner punt remain at risk of contracting the HIV virus (UNAIDS, 2004).
Sentinel survey conducted in the Hospital Drug Dependence in Jakarta showed increased cases of HIV infection in drug users who are undergoing rehabilitation that is 15% in 1999, rose rapidly to 40.8% in 2000, and 47.9% in 2001. Drug users who take a free HIV test AIDS was 33% infected with HIV. Even a survey in a village in Central Jakarta conducted by the Pelita Ilmu Foundation showed 93% of drug users infected with HIV.
Surveillance of blood donors and pregnant women are usually used as indicators to describe the HIV / AIDS infection in the general population. If the year 1990 has not been found in blood donors in the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) is contaminated with HIV, then the next period of HIV infection found that the number is gradually increasing. Percentage of blood bags which are contaminated with HIV is 0.002% during the period 1992/1993, 0.003% in the period 1994/1995, 0.004% in the period 1998/1999 and 0.016% in 2000. This prevalence would need to be interpreted with caution, because most blood donors are prisoners in correctional institutions, and from AIDS patients who are suspects in the hospital who do not have laboratory facilities for HIV testing. Since a few months ago, tidaki no more blood donors who came out of prison.
Development of AIDS Epidemic in Indonesia
Since 1985 until the year 1996, AIDS cases in Indonesia are still very rare mainly derived from homosexual groups. Since mid-1999 began to look sharp increase mainly due to transmission through injecting narcotics. Up to March 2005 recorded 6789 cases of HIV / AIDS. The number is expected to not show the actual figure. Department of Health in 2002 estimated the number of Indonesian people who are infected with HIV are between 90 000 to 130 000 people. Recent estimates the number of HIV infected more than 500,000 people.
Existing data indicate the conclusion that the epidemic of HIV / AIDS in Indonesia are already in advanced stages. Transmission occurs through a variety of ways, either through homosexual relations, heterosexual, injecting drug users, transfusion of blood components, up to and from an infected mother to infant birth. HIV / AIDS infections have also been informed of all classes of society, both high-risk groups and general public. If at first, most people with HIV come from the homosexual group has now been a shift where the rate of transmission is heterosexual and drug users is increasing. Some infants who contracted HIV from her mother proved to show a more advanced stage of stage of heterosexual transmission.
Treatment of Diarrhea
Although not usually dangerous, diarrhea has caused millions of deaths worldwide, mainly as a result of dehydration. The diarrhea of various causes, is also associated with a reduced consumption of alimento.18 For that reason, the main treatment for diarrhea involves the consumption of adequate amounts of water to replace lost fluids, preferably mixed with electrolytes to recover certain essential minerals and nutrients. In most cases an additional treatment or medical advice unnecessary.
The general treatment of diarrhea can be schematized into 4 phases:
- Correction of the deficit of water, electrolytes and acid-base balance. In mild or moderate, should be provided orally: the effectiveness of oral rehydration and tolerance to the reintroduction of diet and weight gain is higher compared to intravenous hydration. In the mildest cases (in which power is maintained), ingestion of liquid supplements in the form of water, teas or soft drinks may be sufficient, if food has been removed, you can use different oral solutions designed to treat diarrhea infectious. The solutions should not be used for athletes, because they are hyperosmotic.
- Proper nutrition: against some established beliefs, in most cases will not need to set a strict bowel rest, the withdrawal of nutrition in children can lead to a daily loss of 1-2% of body weight (not counting fecal losses) which can be life threatening. Although intestinal absorption is reduced in diarrhea is not completely abolished, and absorbed a non-negligible proportion of immediate principles. In fact, patient outcomes are better nourished than those who fast (lower fecal losses and shorter time). In most cases, diarrhea yields in a few days with simple measures such as avoiding foods that increase the volume of feces and intestinal motility (vegetables, skins of fruits or vegetables, whole grain cereal …). It is also recommended intake of certain microorganisms that help to restore intestinal flora, such as yogurt with bifidus or yeast preparations such as Perenterol.19 On the other hand, the general condition of the bowel, avoid milk and dairy products, because often a shortfall of disaccharidases, which prevents the digestion of lactose and worsen diarrhea.
- Symptomatic treatment of diarrhea and accompanying symptoms: There are some prescription antidiarrheal activity, which may be beneficial, but may be contraindicated in some casos.20
- Specific treatment agent or factor responsible for diarrhea: in some cases it may be advisable to use antibiotics.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Another possible cause for diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; in English, IBS irritable bowel syndrome). Symptoms defining IBS: abdominal pain or discomfort relieved by defecation, feces unusual (diarrhea or constipation or
both) or changes in stool frequency of at least three days a week for the last 3 months of age.12 The IBS symptoms may be present in patients with a variety of conditions, including food allergies, infective diarrhea, celiac, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Treatment of underlying disease (celiac disease, food allergy, bacterial dysbiosis, etc..) Usually solves the diarrea. Bacterial Dysbiosis is the alteration of the physiological intestinal flora, which protects the intestinal tract infection or proliferation of certain bacteria patógen.
IBS can cause visceral hypersensitivity. While there is no treatment for undifferentiated IBS, symptoms, including diarrhea, can sometimes be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and / or medication.
It is important to note that IBS can be confused with giardiasis and that false negative tests for Giardia may lead to a misdiagnosis of the real cause, a parasitic infection
Acute Diarrhea
Can be defined as diarrhea that lasts more than 4 weeks, 4 is also called gastroenteritis. Almost always considered contagious, although they are only contagious diarrhea of infectious origin. Often, what you do is reassure the patient, make sure you get adequate amounts of fluid, and wait to see your progress. In more severe cases, or where it is important to find the cause of the disease, will require a stool culture.
The most common organisms found within these crops are Campylobacter (an organism of animal origin), Salmonella (also animal), cryptosporidiosis (animal) and Giardia lamblia (lives in drinking water). The decomposing food is associated with Salmonella infections. Shigella (which causes dysentery) is less common and usually human origin.
Cholera is rare in Western countries. It is more common in travelers and is usually related to contaminated water: the ultimate source is probably sea water.
Escherichia coli is probably a very common cause of diarrhea, especially in travelers, but it can be difficult to detect with current technology. The types of E. coli vary from region to region and from country to country. Viruses, particularly rotavirus, are common in children (viral diarrhea misdiagnosed, most often by non-medical practice). Norwalk virus is rare.
Rotting food, or toxins or poisons can cause diarrhea. These toxins are the Staphylococcus (often found in dairy products that have been in contact with any infected wound of the people involved in its preparation), and Bacillus cereus (eg rice in Chinese restaurants).
Caused by an Infectious Agent
It is the most common type. The etiology of 70% of cases of infectious diarrhea is the viral. Each year, the main causes of infantile gastroenteritis are rotavirus, which causes 600000-800000 deaths around the world. The virus infects the enterocytes of the intestine, decreases the activity of enzymes that digest the sugars, and decreases the reabsorption of Na + ion and water in the intestine. Besides producing enteric nervous system activation and secretion of Cl-ions. This produces an excess of fluid in the intestine, which results in watery diarrhea. Other viral etiological agents are theNorovirus, which acts directly on the enzyme activity of enterocytes.
1.5% -5.6% of cases, infection is bacteriana.4 etiology are the most common bacteria Campylobacter (2.3%), Salmonella
(1.8%), Shigella (1.1% ) or Escherichia coli (0.4%). In this case, acquired by oral bacteria than the immune defenses and attack the enterocytes directly or by producing toxins such as that present in the infection cólera.7 Both bacteria and toxins can cause cell death and pass into the bloodstream, causing systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea or vomiting. According to the bacteria to produce cell death or not, are subdivided into non-cytotoxic (pathogens stimulate the secretory function by activating intracellular enzymes without damaging the epithelial layer: Vibrio cholerae, the cholera pathogen, some strains of E. coli and Bacillus cereus ) and cytotoxic (pathogens that damage the epithelial layer directly, such as Shigella, Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Campylobacter).